One bitcoin has one hundred million pieces.

This is a small, plain guide to the smallest piece — the satoshi — and to Lightning, the network built to move it around a cent at a time.

the unit

What a satoshi actually is

A satoshi — "sat" for short — is the smallest unit bitcoin's protocol can currently record: one hundred-millionth of a single bitcoin.

Named for Satoshi Nakamoto, bitcoin's pseudonymous creator, the unit exists so that people don't have to talk in long decimals. "0.00000500 BTC" is awkward to say, read, or reason about. "500 sats" isn't.

Thinking in sats also changes how an amount feels. A bitcoin is expensive; a sat is not. That makes the unit a better fit for tips, small purchases, and the kind of everyday payment this page is built around: a donation, not an investment.

the network

Where Lightning fits in

Bitcoin's base layer is deliberately slow and public — every transaction is confirmed by the whole network and written down forever. That's the wrong tool for a payment worth a few cents.

Lightning is a second layer built on top of bitcoin for exactly that case. Two parties open a private payment channel, move sats back and forth inside it as many times as they like, instantly and for a fraction of a cent, and only touch the base layer to open or close the channel. Route through a few connected channels and you can pay anyone on the network, not just people you've opened a channel with directly.

A Lightning Address is what makes this usable day to day — it looks and works like an email address (name@wallet.com), but behind it sits a Lightning wallet ready to receive. No QR-scanning required to hand someone your address; you can just say it.

the math

Sats, in either direction

1 BTC is always 100,000,000 sats. Type into either field.
BTC
equals
sats

1 BTC = 100,000,000 sats, fixed by the protocol — this conversion never depends on price.

worth knowing

A few specifics

2¹⁰

1024 is two to the tenth power — the same doubling that gives "kibi-" its meaning in a kibibyte (KiB). It's also this page's donation amount.

21M

There will only ever be 21 million bitcoin, which puts a hard ceiling of 2.1 quadrillion sats on the unit — no more can ever be created.

2010

The first documented real-world bitcoin purchase was two pizzas, paid for with 10,000 BTC — a trillion sats, at a time when that amount bought dinner.

<1s

A Lightning payment typically settles in under a second, whether it's crossing the street or crossing the planet.

?

Satoshi Nakamoto's identity has never been confirmed. The name may belong to one person or several.